Async commands & subscriptions

The Command / Subscription duality is how a TUI app keeps update pure while still doing real work — network, disk, timers, streams. This page is a working guide; for the types themselves see the Elm pattern.

TL;DR

You want…	Use this
Run a sync thunk and turn its return value into a Msg	Command.perform(thunk)
Kick an async future, deliver its result as a Msg	Command.task(future)
Several commands in parallel	Command.batch([c1, c2, c3])
Several commands sequentially	Command.sequence([c1, c2, c3])
One-shot timer → Msg after d	Command.tick(d, || Msg.Timeout)
Periodic tick	Subscription.interval(d, || Msg.Tick)
Tick with timestamp	Subscription.every(d, |t| Msg.Clock(t))
Receive from a long-lived stream	Subscription.from_stream(Heap(stream))
Quit	Command.quit()

All async work observes the app's global CancellationToken — when the user quits, every available future is notified and bows out cleanly.

Example: fetch data

type State is {
    loading: Bool,
    users: List<User>,
    error: Maybe<Text>,
};

type Msg is
    | Load
    | Loaded(Result<List<User>, Text>);

impl Model for State {
    type Msg = Msg;

    fn init(&self) -> Command<Msg> {
        Command.task(async { Msg.Loaded(fetch_users().await) })
    }

    fn update(&mut self, msg: Msg) -> Command<Msg> {
        match msg {
            Load => {
                self.loading = true;
                self.error = None;
                Command.task(async { Msg.Loaded(fetch_users().await) })
            }
            Loaded(Ok(users)) => {
                self.loading = false;
                self.users = users;
                Command.none()
            }
            Loaded(Err(e)) => {
                self.loading = false;
                self.error = Some(e);
                Command.none()
            }
        }
    }

    fn view(&self, f: &mut Frame) { /* … */ }
}

• init kicks the first fetch.
• update on Load starts another fetch.
• Loaded(Ok|Err) records the result. No .await in update — only value construction.

Example: a clock

impl Model for ClockApp {
    type Msg = Msg;
    fn update(&mut self, msg: Msg) -> Command<Msg> {
        match msg {
            Tick(now) => { self.time = now; Command.none() }
        }
    }
    fn subscriptions(&self) -> Subscription<Msg> {
        Subscription.every(Duration.from_secs(1), |now| Msg.Tick(now))
    }
    fn view(&self, f: &mut Frame) { /* show self.time */ }
}

Example: combining timer + stream

fn subscriptions(&self) -> Subscription<Msg> {
    Subscription.batch([
        Subscription.interval(Duration.from_millis(60), || Msg.AnimationTick),
        Subscription.from_stream(Heap(self.log_stream.clone())),
    ])
}

Both run concurrently; the loop drains messages round-robin.

Cancellation

All tasks spawned from Command.Async, Command.Tick, and every Subscription variant observe the app's CancellationToken. On quit:

1. Loop breaks out (returns Ok(()) or whatever error).
2. cancel_src.cancel() flips the token.
3. Every running task checks token.is_cancelled() and returns early.
4. Their Sender<Msg> clones drop, closing the channel.
5. model.on_quit() runs; terminal is restored.

You rarely need to write explicit cancellation handling; it is all wired. If you're doing something exceptional (e.g. keeping a TCP connection open after the UI exits), spawn your own task with core.async.spawn outside the Command system.

Backpressure

The message channel is unbounded. A stream that produces faster than the loop can update will grow the channel buffer until memory pressure. Two remedies:

1. Throttle / debounce at the source.

   Subscription.from_stream(Heap(raw.throttle(Duration.from_millis(50))))

2. Drop duplicates in update. If the newest Msg supersedes older ones, just discard the stale state transition.

Testing async commands

Because Command is a value, not an effect, you can inspect it:

#[test]
fn increment_starts_no_fetch() {
    let mut m = State.default();
    let cmd = m.update(Msg.Increment);
    assert(cmd.is_noop());
}

#[test]
fn load_starts_fetch_task() {
    let mut m = State.default();
    let cmd = m.update(Msg.Load);
    match cmd {
        Command.Async(_) => {}
        _ => panic("expected an async command"),
    }
}

Drop into an integration test with a real runtime when you want to exercise the full path.